A concept analysis of frailty in the elderly

In gerontology nursing, the term "frailty" is generally used in relation to the weak elderly or the elderly who have difficulties in activities of daily living. Although the concept of frailty is related to comorbidity and disability, these are different concepts. On its true meaning, influencing factors and measurements, there is a lack of clarification and organization in the literature. This paper applied the methodology outlined by Walker & Avant (2005) to analyze the concept of frailty in the elderly. The analytical procedures included a literature review of conceptual definitions of frailty, and identification of defining attributes. Using constructing model, borderline, related and contrary cases to explain the concept of frailty; and identifying its antecedents and consequences. Empirical referents are also outlined. Result shows that defining attributes of frailty are: (1) a progressive condition, (2) a multidimensional concept, apparent physical frailty and at least one other deficiency (including physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social function), (3) vulnerability to suffering from adverse health outcomes (e.g. illness, hospitalization, death, falls, disability and institutionalization). This analysis might improve nursing staff's knowledge and understanding of the concept of frailty in the elderly, and enable nurses to apply the concepts in nursing practices.