Causal effects of diabetic retinopathy on depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder in the European population: a Mendelian randomization study

C. Chen, Y. Lan, Z. Wang, W. Yan, X. Yan*, J. Han*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal Article peer-review

8 Scopus citations

Abstract

Purpose: To verify the causal effects of diabetic retinopathy (DR) on depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to identify the causal relationships between DR and depression or anxiety or BD via using DR-related GWAS data (14,584 cases and 176,010 controls), depression-related GWAS data (59,851 cases and 113,154 controls), anxiety-related GWAS data (7016 cases and 14,745 controls) and BD-related GWAS data (41,917 cases and 371,549 controls). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) model was adopted to estimate the causal relationship. The outcome was expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The MR analysis results presented that DR was causally associated with a significantly increased risk of BD in the European population (IVW, OR = 1.06, 95%CI [1.03, 1.08], P = 2.44 × 10−6), while DR was unable to causally influence the risk of depression (IVW, OR = 1.01, 95%CI [0.99, 1.04], P = 0.32) and anxiety (IVW, OR = 0.97, 95%CI [0.89, 1.06], P = 0.48) in the European population. Subgroup analysis based on BD identified DR causally increased the risk of bipolar I disorder (BD I) but not bipolar II disorder (BD II). Sensitivity analysis results did not show any pleiotropy and heterogeneity in both groups of analyses, indicating that the results were stable and reliable. Conclusions: The results of the current MR analysis indicated a causal relationship between DR and BD in the European population, while there was no causal connection between DR and depression or anxiety. However, further research is needed to confirm these conclusions.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)585-592
Number of pages8
JournalJournal of Endocrinological Investigation
Volume47
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - 03 2024
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE).

Keywords

  • Anxiety
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Depression
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Mendelian randomization
  • Anxiety/etiology
  • Humans
  • Mendelian Randomization Analysis
  • Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
  • Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology
  • Depression/etiology
  • Diabetes Mellitus

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