Ciprofloxacin up-regulates tendon cells to express matrix metalloproteinase-2 with degradation of type i collagen

Ciprofloxacin-induced tendinopathy and tendon rupture have been previously described, principally affecting the Achilles tendon. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin on expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 as well as type I collagen in tendon cells. Tendon cells intrinsic to rat Achilles tendon were treated with ciprofloxacin and then underwent MTT (tetrazolium) assay. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were used, respectively, to evaluate the gene and protein expressions of type I collagen, and MMP-2. Gelatin zymography was used to evaluate the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and -9. Reverse zymography was used to evaluate TIMP-1 and -2. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2 in ciprofloxacin-treated tendon explants was performed. Collagen degradation was evaluated by incubation of conditioned medium with collagen. The results revealed that ciprofloxacin up-regulated the expression of MMP-2 in tendon cells at the mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemistry also confirmed the increased expressions of MMP-2 in ciprofloxacin-treated tendon explants. The enzymatic activity of MMP-2 was up-regulated whereas that of MMP-9, TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 was unchanged. The amount of secreted type I collagen in the conditioned medium decreased and type I collagen was degraded after ciprofloxacin treatment. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin up-regulates the expressions of MMP-2 in tendon cells and thus degraded type I collagen. These findings suggest a possible mechanism of ciprofloxacin-associated tendinopathy.