Clinical outcomes among patients with concurrent blunt cerebrovascular injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage

Background: Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) accounts for 1–3 % of patients with blunt trauma, which should be promptly diagnosed and managed due to risk of cerebral infarction and death. Antithrombotic therapy had been proven to reduce risk of stroke and mortality. However, due to concern of hematoma progression, treatment suggestion is still inconclusive for patients with concurrent traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study from 2002 to 2020 at a Level I trauma center, all patients with BCVI and concurrent traumatic intracranial hemorrhage were recruited. Patients' demographics, initial CT findings, severity of BCVI, treatment and outcomes were documented and analyzed to define possible risk factors of death and stroke. Results: Among all 57 patients, 49 (86.0 %) patients had injury at ICA, 6 (10.5 %) had VA injury, and 2 (3.5 %) suffered from both. Targeted treatments for BCVI were provided to 33 (57.9 %) patient, mostly endovascular intervention (78.8 %), antithrombotic treatment was given to 11 (19.3 %) patients. At 3-month follow-up, 17 (29.8 %) patients expired, and 18 (31.6 %) patients had cerebral infarction due to BCVI. We identified more severe initial CT findings (p = 0.016), higher head Abbreviated Injury Scale (p = 0.049) and initial life-threatening events (p = 0.047) as risk factors of death, and traumatic basal cistern subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) (p = 0.040) as single risk factor of cerebral infarction. Conclusions: Around one-thirds of patients with concurrent BCVI and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage were death or suffered from cerebral infarction within 3 months, with severity of initial head injury and SAH at basal cistern as risk factors, respectively.