Fabrication of gadolinium zinc oxide anchored with functionalized-SWCNT planted on glassy carbon electrode: Potential detection of psychotropic drug (phenothiazine) in biotic sample

Fabricating the designing and developing of an easy, sophisticated synthetic framework with a highly effective and dual-purpose catalyst with affordable cost for clean energy harvesters has been a long-standing challenging task. Herein, we explored a clear and simple design for fabricating gadolinium zinc oxide hybrid nanostructure combined with functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (GZO/f–SWCNT) as a well-organized concrete conductor material for the electrochemical sensor of phenothiazine (PHZ). The pure GZO electrocatalysts were made by the cost-effective co-precipitation technique. Numerous analytical methods were employed to examine the physio-chemical properties of the synthesized nanomaterials. These results explicitly show and validate the development of a composite substance. The electrochemical potential efficacy of the constructed electrode (GZO/f–SWCNT/GCE) was confirmed through apply the PHZ determination with the dynamic linear range of 0.01 µM–98.51 µM, the sensitivity and detection limit were calculated to be 2.981 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² and 0.005 µM. When compared to individual material, the composite material GZO/f–SWCNT showed considerably higher electrocatalytic behavior towards the PHZ. Furthermore, the standard addition method performed PHZ determination in urine samples. Three parallel assessments yielded acceptable findings, with a relative standard deviation of 1.95–4.02% and 99–100.4% recovery. As a result, GZO/f–SWCNT proved to be a new potential material for the PHZ sensor.