Follicular thyroid carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment

Unusual presentations with bone, lung or soft tissue metastases in initial diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma have been reported occasionally. This implies how difficult it is to diagnosis this type of cancer at the preoperative or intra-operative stage of treatment. Fine needle aspiration cytology has been shown to be an ineffective method for diagnosing vascular or capsule invasion of follicular thyroid cancer. Multiple frozen sections, usually 5 to 12 depending on the size of the tumor, can achieve a diagnostic accuracy of 98%. Clinical application of various gene expressions in thyroid follicular tumors by needle aspiration using in situ hybridization requires further investigation. Although radioactive iodide (¹³¹I) has been used as the standard treatment for follicular thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases, the effectiveness of ¹³¹I treatment for follicular thyroid carcinoma depends on the differentiation of cancer cells. The possibility of ¹³¹I for thyroid remnant ablation replacing a secondary operation for follicular thyroid carcinoma has been debated. Recent studies applied more expressions of sodium iodide symporters to attain the effect of ¹³¹I treatment and slow the proliferation of thyroid cancer cell which, in turn, slows the progression of follicular carcinoma. Consensus for the surgical procedures for the specific prognostic risks for follicular thyroid carcinoma is needed. Dedifferentiated, anti-angiogenic, or gene therapies for follicular thyroid cancer with distant metastases or anaplastic transformation comprise the principal directions in future research for this cancer.