Formyl peptide receptor modulators: a patent review and potential applications for inflammatory diseases (2021–2024)

Introduction: Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the family of class A G-protein-coupled receptors that are important for immune modulation and inflammation and are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for several inflammatory diseases. FPRs have shown therapeutic roles in the management of cardiovascular diseases, neuroinflammation, and cancer. Biased agonists are an active topic in the further revisions that encompass the utilization of a definite subset of signaling pathways to improve therapeutic maladies, in parallel with reducing the negative effects. Areas covered: This review surveys the modulators of FPR1 and FPR2 that have been published in patents from 2021 to 2024, to summarize the categorization of agonists and antagonists and discuss their possible clinical uses. A targeted patent search was performed using the Taiwan Patent GO Showcases database (https://tiponet.tipo.gov.tw/gpss/). Expert opinion: We examine newly disclosed patents concerning FPR modulators, with all specified compounds classified as either FPR1 or FPR2 modulators. Receptor cross-reactivity, ligand promiscuity, and receptor variations across species are challenges encountered during drug formulation. Further research into different types of biased agonists and the synthesis of potent and selective ligands is essential to overcome these obstacles and facilitate the eventual therapeutic use of biased signaling in inflammation and diseases.