Impact of proton radiation on the performance of single-junction perovskite solar cells for space applications

The operational stability of the single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under space conditions remains a concern. This review systematically analyzes the effects of proton irradiation on PSCs, correlating the observed degradation with displacement damage and electronic ionization mechanisms. The penetration depth of protons and the associated vacancy profiles across PSC layers are assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Proton irradiation generates defects in the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced carrier mobility and device performance. Substrate analysis shows that cerium-doped glass, fused quartz, and silica retain optical clarity better than soda lime glass and flexible substrates. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) like Indium-tin oxide (ITO) exhibit strong radiation stability compared to other TCOs. For charge transport layers (CTLs), inorganic CTLs demonstrated better radiation resistance compared to their organic counterparts. The phenomenon of self-recovery in PSCs is also explored, which is attributed to defect recovery, relaxation of ion migration, and thermal annealing. By integrating experimental findings with simulation-based insights, this review maps the vulnerability of each device layer and addresses the proton irradiation relevant for space environments.