In vitro Biosystems-Stem Cell-based Organ on Chips

This chapter discusses the value of the new approach to scientists in basic and applied research. It introduces the innovations and development of different types of tissue/organ-like construction techniques such as in vitro spheroid and organoid. The stem cell-based organoid system develops the right culture conditions to induce stem cells to self-renew into organ- or tissue-like structures. The development of 3D cell/tissue culture models and microfabrication technique has enabled the creation of a new paradigm, organ on chips. In essence, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived organoids attempts to replicate the developmental processes and organ regeneration in vitro. Apart from utilizing extracellular matrices (ECM) -dependent methods, it is possible to generate iPSCderived organoids in suspension culture via the formation of embryoid bodies (EB). In addition to ECM- and EB- dependent methods, other methods of generating iPSC derived organoids are being attempted to recapture the multicellular composition of organs; these include the use of air-liquid interface or organ-on-a-chip strategies.