Incorporating carbon nanotube in a low-temperature fabrication process for dye-sensitized TiO₂ solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating TiO₂ porous films, prepared at a low temperature (150°C), along with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied using two different electrolytes, namely LiI and THI. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to quantify the charge transport resistance and electron lifetime (τ_e) under different levels (wt%) of MWCNTs and electrolytes. The charge transport resistance at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface (R_ct2) increased as a function of the MWCNT concentration, which ranged 0.1-0.5 wt%, due to a decrease in the surface area and decreased dye adsorption. The characteristic peak shifted to a lower frequency at 0.1 wt% of MWCNT, indicating a longer electron lifetime. The DSSC with the Ti02 electrode containing 0.1 wt% of MWCNT resulted in a higher short-circuited current density (J_sc) of 9.08 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.781 V, and a cell conversion efficiency of 5.02%. EIS was also conducted under dark conditions. The large value at a middle frequency represented electron transport at the TiO₂/dye/ electrolyte interface (R_rec). The R _rec for 0.1 wt% MWCNT/TiO₂ was found to be 114 Ω, and for those with 0.3 and 0.5 wt% were 35 and 30 Ω, respectively. The significantly higher value of R_rec suggested that the charge recombination between injected electrons and electron acceptors in the redox electrolyte, I₃^-, was remarkably retarded. Finally, electrolytes with LiI and THI were used to compare the cell conversion performance under the same conditions. It was found that more electrons were injected in the TiO₂ electrode and the electron recombination reaction was faster in the DSSC with THI than that with LiI.