Increased hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice lacking hepatic androgen receptor

Early studies demonstrated that whole-body androgen receptor (AR)-knockout mice with hypogonadism exhibit insulin resistance. However, details about the mechanisms underlying how androgen/AR signaling regulates insulin sensitivity in individual organs remain unclear. We therefore generated hepatic AR-knockout (H-AR^-/y) mice and found that male H-AR^-/y mice, but not female H-AR^-/- mice, fed a high-fat diet developed hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, and aging male H-AR^-/y mice fed chow exhibited moderate hepatic steatosis. We hypothesized that increased hepatic steatosis in obese male H-AR^-/y mice resulted from decreased fatty acid β-oxidation, increased de novo lipid synthesis arising from decreased PPARα, increased sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, and associated changes in target gene expression. Reduced insulin sensitivity in fat-fed H-AR^-/y mice was associated with decreased phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity and increased phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression and correlated with increased protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression. Conclusion: Together, our results suggest that hepatic AR may play a vital role in preventing the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. AR agonists that specifically target hepatic AR might be developed to provide a better strategy for treatment of metabolic syndrome in men.