Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Leptospira Infection

Renal leptospirosis caused by leptospiral infection is characterised by tubulointerstitial nephritis and tubular dysfunction, resulting in acute and chronic kidney injury. Metabolomic and transcriptomic data from a murine model of Leptospira infection were analysed to determine whether metabolomic data from urine were associated with transcriptome changes relevant to kidney injury caused by Leptospira infection. Our findings revealed that 37 metabolites from the urine of L. interrogans-infected mice had significantly different concentrations than L. biflexa-infected and non-infected control mice. Of these, urinary L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine levels were remarkably elevated in L. interrogans-infected mice. Using an integrated pathway analysis, we found that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine were involved in metabolic pathways such as fatty acid activation, the mitochondrial L-carnitine shuttle pathway, and triacylglycerol biosynthesis that were enriched in the renal tissues of the L. interrogans-infected mice. This study highlights that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine are implicated in leptospiral infection-induced kidney injury, suggesting their potential as metabolic modulators.