Moderation analysis in business and management research: Common issues, solutions, and guidelines for future research

Moderation analysis is a critical part in business and management research, particularly within the information systems (IS) domain, yet it continues to face persistent methodological issues. These issues not only threaten the reliability of results but also hinder theoretical advancements. To address these challenges, our study undertakes a comprehensive examination of moderation analysis. We commence with a concise synthesis of its conceptual evolution by reviewing 30 foundational publications that have shaped its development. Subsequently, we categorize and clarify the core moderation models, including two-way, three-way interactions, and moderated mediation, highlighting their appropriate application contexts and corresponding analytical techniques. Building upon this foundational knowledge, we identify and detail 15 prevalent methodological issues in moderation research, assessing their contemporary prevalence through an empirical investigation of 274 articles published in top-tier IS journals over the past three years. To equip researchers with actionable guidance, we propose a state-of-the-art, stage-based framework that encompasses the entire research lifecycle—from initial preparation and hypothesis development through design planning, data collection, sophisticated analysis, rigorous interpretation, to transparent reporting. Our contributions are fourfold. First, we present contemporary empirical evidence on the persistence of historical issues and identify emerging trends in moderation research. Second, we offer a comprehensive, stage-based framework that transcends existing piecemeal recommendations, providing actionable support across the research lifecycle. Third, we consolidate theoretical insights by tracing the conceptual evolution of moderation analysis and systematically classifying major moderation models. Finally, we address the identified critical issues throughout the research process, equipping researchers with empirically validated status assessments and evidence-based solutions. Overall, our study enriches the understanding of moderation analysis and equips researchers, journal editors, and practitioners with a robust methodological roadmap for conducting rigorous and theoretically informed moderation research.