Nh₃ plasma-treated magnesium doped zinc oxide in biomedical sensors with electrolyte–insulator– semiconductor (Eis) structure for urea and glucose applications

This study compared the sensing characteristics of ZnO (ZO) treated with ammonia (NH₃) plasma for 1 min, 3 min, and 6 min, under the EIS structure. The measurement results revealed that, after 3 min of NH₃ plasma treatment, the Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) sensing film had a high hydrogen ion sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, and drift rate of 53.82 mV/pH, 99.04%, 2.52 mV, and 1.75 mV/h, respectively. The sensing film was used with sodium and potassium ion solutions, and it performed satisfactorily in sensing hydrogen ions. Additionally, we investigated the biomedical sensing properties of Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) sensing film with regard to urea, creatinine, and glucose solutions and found that the Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) sensing film treated with NH₃ plasma for 3 min had the best properties for sensing urea, creatinine, and glucose. Specifically, with glucose, the sensing film achieved the best linearity and sensitivity and of 97.87% and 10.73 mV/mM, respectively. The results revealed that the sensing characteristics varied with the processing environment and are useful in the developing biomedical sensing applications with different sensing elements.