Nitric oxide triggers delayed anesthetic preconditioning-induced cardiac protection via activation of nuclear factor-κB and upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role both in triggering and mediating delayed protection against myocardial l/R injury during anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC). However, the signaling mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. Using isoflurane as a representative anesthetic, the present study tested the hypothesis that NO released after anesthetic-induced preconditioning initiates delayed cardioprotection via activation of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), leading to myocardial adaptation by upregulation of iNOS and increase in production of NO. Sprague-Dawley rats that received open-chest surgery under pentobarbital anesthesia were subject to 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Exposure to 60 min of 2.1% isoflurane inhalation with oxygen 24 h before ischemia significantly reduced l/R-induced myocardial infarct size that was associated with overexpression of iNOS protein and increased NO content in the heart. These protective effects were abolished by pretreatment with a NOS inhibitor, N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an NF-κB blocker, diethyldithiocarbamate, before isoflurane, or a selective iNOS inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea, before left coronary artery occlusion. Isoflurane exposure also evoked a robust increase in myocardial NO content, followed by nucleus-bound translocation of p65 or p50 subunit of NF-κB and increase in NF-κB DNA-binding activity in heart tissues. These molecular events after isoflurane exposure were blocked by pretreatment with N^G-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester. We conclude that NO generated immediately after isoflurane exposure triggers downstream activation of NF-κB, resulting in subsequent upregulation of iNOS expression and NO synthesis that mediate APC-induced delayed cardioprotection.