Photoluminescence sensing systems based on copper, gold and silver nanomaterials

In this review, photoluminescent sensing systems using gold (Au) silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanomaterials (NMs) are presented. Strategies for preparation of Au, Ag and Cu nanoclusters (NCs) that have photoluminescence (PL) are emphasized. In addition to brief discussion of their PL properties, the roles of different ligands, capping agents, and protecting molecules in controlling the quantum yield (QY), lifetime, and stability of NCs are described. Having interesting properties such as large Stokes shift, long lifetime, biocompatibility and ease in bioconjugation, these NCs have been used to develop sensitive and selective sensing systems for small ions, molecules, proteins, and DNA. This review also focuses on preparation and analytical application of catalytic Au and AuM (M = other metal) NMs. By taking advantage of the enzyme-mimicking properties of the NMs, various PL sensing systems have been developed. This review shows that photoluminescent Au, Ag, and Cu NMs, as well as Au NMs are sensitive, selective, and cost-effective sensing materials.