Posterior cruciate ligament and coupled posterolateral instability of the knee. A cadaver study

We wanted to investigate the role of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee's posterolateral stability and the magnitude of the coupled posterolateral instability with the knee examined at 90°of flexion. The coupled posterolateral instability of the knee was studied by selective ligament cutting in cadaver knees set at 90°. The coupled posterolateral displacement after cutting the PCL was 173% of the intact knee. With an intact PCL, the coupled posterolateral displacement after cutting the popliteus tendon and lateral collateral ligament with the knee at 90°of flexion was 299% of the intact knee. When the PCL was cut together with the popliteus tendon and lateral collateral ligament, the coupled posterolateral displacement was 367%. The PCL plays an important role in the posterolateral stability of the knee, and its injury may cause mild (< 5 mm) to moderate (5-10 mm) posterolateral instability. Thus, in a knee with posterolateral instability, injury of the PCL must be considered. With an intact PCL, the posterolateral instability was very recognizable with the knee at 90°of flexion, and injury to the PCL further increased the posterolateral instability and caused posterior translation of the knee. Therefore, examination for posterolateral instability of the knee should also be performed with the knee at 90°of flexion, which is much easier to perform in a clinical setting. A positive posterior translation rather than posterolateral instability at different knee positions differentiates knees with combined PCL and posterolateral instability from knees with isolated posterolateral instability.