Promoter analysis and transcriptional regulation of human carbonic anhydrase VIII gene in a MERRF disease cell model

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial neuromuscular disease. We previously reported a significant decrease of mRNA and protein levels of nuclear DNA-encoded carbonic anhydrase VIII (CA8) in MERRF cybrids harboring A8344G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In this study, we established a reporter construct of luciferase gene-carrying hCA8 promoter containing several putative transcription factor-binding sites, including GC-box, AP-2 and TATA-binding element in the 5'flanking region of the hCA8 gene. Using a series of mutated hCA8 promoter constructs, we demonstrated that a proximal GC-box, recognized by Sp1 and other Sp family members, may be a key cis-element functioning at the promoter. Additionally, a significant increase of the hCA8 promoter activity was observed in the wild-type and mutant cybrids with over-expression of eGFP-Sp1, but no detectable increase in the CA8 protein expression. In contrast, over-expression of Flag-Sp1 and Flag-Sp4 significantly increased the hCA8 promoter activity as well as endogenous CA8 protein expression in neuron-like HEK-293 T cells. However, down-regulation of Sp1, but not Sp4, in 293 T cells revealed a significant reduction of CA8 expression, suggesting that Sp1 is a predominant transcription factor for regulation of CA8 activity. Furthermore, our data indicate that chromatin structure may be involved in the expression of hCA8 gene in MERRF cybrids. Taken together, these results suggest that Sp1 transactivates hCA8 gene through the proximal GC box element in the promoter region. The key modulator-responsive factor to the mtDNA mutation and how it may affect nuclear hCA8 gene transcription need further investigations.