Shockwave therapy combined with autologous adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells is better than with human umbilical cord wharton’s jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on knee osteoarthritis

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to have chondroprotective effects in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we examined whether autologous adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) increased the efficacy of ESWT in knee OA, and compared the efficacy of the two. The treatment groups exhibited significant improvement of knee OA according to pathological analysis, micro‐computed tomography (CT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The ADMSCs and ESWT+ADMSCs groups exhibited increased trabecular thickness and bone volume as compared with the ESWT, WJMSCs, and ESWT+WJMSCs groups individually. According to the results of IHC staining, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) activity and caspase‐3 were significantly reduced in the ADMSCs and ESWT+ADMSCs groups as compared with the WJMSCs and ESWT+WJMSC groups. In mechanistic factor analysis, the synergistic effect of ESWT+ADMSCs was observed as being greater than the efficacies of other treatments in terms of expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, runt‐related transcription factor (RUNX)‐2 and sex determining region Y‐box (SOX)‐9. The type II collagen was expressed at a higher level in the WJMSCs group than in the others. Furthermore, ESWT+ADMSCs reduced the expression of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB and increased the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐4. Therefore, we demonstrated that ESWT+ADMSCs had a synergistic effect greater than that of ESWT+WJMSCs for the treatment of early knee OA.