Abstract
The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising. A superior strategy to advance global kidney health is required to prevent and treat CKD early. Kidney development can be impacted during the first 1000 days of life by numerous factors, including malnutrition, maternal illness, exposure to chemicals, substance abuse, medication use, infection, and exogenous stress. In the current review, we summarize environmental risk factors reported thus far in clinical and experimental studies relating to the programming of kidney disease, and systematize the knowledge on common mechanisms underlying renal programming. The aim of this review is to discuss the primary and secondary prevention actions for enhancing kidney health from pregnancy to age 2. The final task is to address the potential interventions to target renal programming through updating animal studies. Together, we can enhance the future of global kidney health in the first 1000 days of life.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 1332 |
| Journal | Healthcare (Switzerland) |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 10 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
- Children
- Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)
- Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory
- Infant
- Kidney disease
- Nitric oxide
- Oxidative stress
- Pregnancy
- Renin–angiotensin system
