The interrelationship between ventilatory inefficiency and left ventricular ejection fraction in terms of cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure outpatients

The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiovascular (CV) outcome is documented in patients with low LVEF. Ventilatory inefficiency is an important prognostic predictor. We hypothesized that the presence of ventilatory inefficiency influences the prognostic predictability of LVEF in heart failure (HF) outpatients. In total, 169 HF outpatients underwent the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and were followed up for a median of 9.25 years. Subjects were divided into five groups of similar size according to baseline LVEF (≤39%, 40-58%, 59-68%, 69-74%, and ≥75%). The primary endpoints were CV mortality and first HF hospitalization. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for simple and multiple regression analyses to evaluate the interrelationship between LVEF and ventilatory inefficiency (ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) at anaerobic threshold (AT) >34.3, optimized cut-point). Only LVEF and VE/VCO2 at AT were significant predictors of major CV events. The lower LVEF subgroup (LVEF ≤ 39%) was associated with an increased risk of CV events, relative to the LVEF ≥75% subgroup, except for patients with ventilatory inefficiency (p = 0.400). In conclusion, ventilatory inefficiency influenced the prognostic predictability of LVEF in reduced LVEF outpatients. Ventilatory inefficiency can be used as a therapeutic target in HF management.