The role of hepatitis B and C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatitis B endemic area. A case‐control study

To investigate the role of hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an HBV endemic area and elucidate the interaction of these two viruses, a case‐control study of 128 patients with HCC and 384 age‐matched and sex‐matched control subjects was done. The positive rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, 77.3%, 99 of 128) and anti‐HCV (19.5%, 25 of 128) in patients with HCC were significantly higher than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Both HBsAg and anti‐HCV were important risk factors for HCC (relative risks, 13.96 and 27.12, respectively), and the risk for HCC was elevated significantly to 40.05 (95% confidence interval, 12.57 to 127.6) when HBsAg and anti‐HCV were considered simultaneously. These results suggested that HBV and HCV were associated highly with HCC in an HBV endemic area and that these two viruses might contribute independent but synergistic effects to the pathogenesis of HCC.