Who are likely to experience disconfirmation? Impact of temperament and character on disconfirmation

Disconfirmation is the difference between actual and expected performance. Higher actual performance creates positive disconfirmation, while lower actual performance creates negative disconfirmation. Positive disconfirmation is key to creating satisfaction and positive psychological responses. However, none studies have examined the relationship between temperament and character and disconfirmation. This study thus investigates how temperament and character dimensions impact the likelihood of an individual experiencing disconfirmation. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and surveyed 276 participants. Analytical results indicate that the likelihood of experiencing positive disconfirmation is positively related to novelty seeking, self-directedness, and self-transcendence. This study is the first to reveal which individuals are likely to experience disconfirmation in virtual environments based on their temperament and character.