Antimicrobial resistance burden in India and Germany in 2022: A systematic analysis along with One Health perspective

Globally increasing antibiotic resistance has been linked to the extensive use of antibiotics in medical, veterinary, and agricultural Practices. This study aims to investigate the correlations of antimicrobial-resistant of various pathogens in three compartments: humans, animals and the environment in India and Germany. A systematic search was carried out in Medline via PubMed, Google Scholar, and science direct, including studies published in 2022. Out of 532 papers, 24 were considered for meta-analysis. Our findings reveals that in India, β-lactam is highly resistant in animals. Quinolone, on the other hand, was highly resistant in humans. In the environmental sectors, aminoglycosides and β-lactams is resistant. While in Germany, β-lactam resistance is high across all three sectors. However, E. coli was the most frequent and resistant pathogen in both countries, with significant resistance to β-lactams and cephalosporins across all compartments. These results underscore the critical need for monitoring antibiotic resistance patterns and developing targeted antibiotic regimens. A One Health-based intervention strategy is essential to mitigate the spread of AMR and improve health outcomes globally.