Immunotherapy of Neuroblastoma Targeting GD2 and Beyond

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Although low-risk neuroblastoma is mostly curable, the outcome of high-risk neuroblastoma, which comprises ~50% of neuroblastoma, is dismal. Abundant expression of disialoganglioside GD2 antigens is a feature of neuroblastoma. The success of immunotherapy targeting the GD2 antigen with dinutuximab has fueled the interest in developing improved immunotherapeutics including humanized anti-GD2 antibodies, GD2 mimotopes, cytokine-fused GD2-specific antibodies, GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor T/NKT cells, GD2 vaccine, anti-GD2 idiotype monoclonal antibody, and anti-O-acetyl GD2 antibody. Advance in these active or passive cancer immunotherapies hold promises to further improve the outcome of neuroblastoma.