TY - JOUR
T1 - Novel multiple apoptotic mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells
AU - Chen, Ching Hsein
AU - Lin, Miao Ling
AU - Ong, Ping Lin
AU - Yang, Jen Tsung
PY - 2012/9
Y1 - 2012/9
N2 - Background: Shikonin is the main naphthoquinone compound of the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Our previous study demonstrated that shikonin possesses anticancer activity in human hepatoma cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells is unclear at present. In the present study, we demonstrated that shikonin induces apoptosis in three human glioma cell lines: U87MG, Hs683, and M059K cells. Methods: Cell cycle, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of glutathione (GSH), and disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in shikonintreated cells were determined by flow cytometry. Apoptosisrelated proteins, catalase, and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) were determined by Western blot testing. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), pifithrin-α (PFT-α), or cyclosporin A were applied to evaluate the molecular mechanism of shikonin in apoptosis. Results: Shikonin induces the generation of ROS, depletion of GSH, disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulation of p53, and cleavage of PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] in U87MG glioma cells. Moreover, shikonin causes catalase downregulation and SOD-1 upregulation as well as decreased Bcl-2 and increased Bax expression. Pretreatment with NAC, PFT-α, or cyclosporin A causes the recovery of shikonin-induced apoptosis. The ROS generation and GSH depletion induced by shikonin trigger mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption. ROS production was partially dependent on the upregulation of p53 upon shikonin treatment. Conclusions. These studies are the first to show that shikonin-induced apoptosis occurs through multiple pathways in human glioma cells. We conclude that shikonin may be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human glioma.
AB - Background: Shikonin is the main naphthoquinone compound of the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Our previous study demonstrated that shikonin possesses anticancer activity in human hepatoma cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells is unclear at present. In the present study, we demonstrated that shikonin induces apoptosis in three human glioma cell lines: U87MG, Hs683, and M059K cells. Methods: Cell cycle, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of glutathione (GSH), and disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in shikonintreated cells were determined by flow cytometry. Apoptosisrelated proteins, catalase, and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) were determined by Western blot testing. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), pifithrin-α (PFT-α), or cyclosporin A were applied to evaluate the molecular mechanism of shikonin in apoptosis. Results: Shikonin induces the generation of ROS, depletion of GSH, disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulation of p53, and cleavage of PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] in U87MG glioma cells. Moreover, shikonin causes catalase downregulation and SOD-1 upregulation as well as decreased Bcl-2 and increased Bax expression. Pretreatment with NAC, PFT-α, or cyclosporin A causes the recovery of shikonin-induced apoptosis. The ROS generation and GSH depletion induced by shikonin trigger mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption. ROS production was partially dependent on the upregulation of p53 upon shikonin treatment. Conclusions. These studies are the first to show that shikonin-induced apoptosis occurs through multiple pathways in human glioma cells. We conclude that shikonin may be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human glioma.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84867400770&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1245/s10434-012-2324-4
DO - 10.1245/s10434-012-2324-4
M3 - 文章
C2 - 22446899
AN - SCOPUS:84867400770
SN - 1068-9265
VL - 19
SP - 3097
EP - 3106
JO - Annals of Surgical Oncology
JF - Annals of Surgical Oncology
IS - 9
ER -