TY - JOUR
T1 - Synergistic performance of FeWO4-WO3composite for enhanced electrocatalytic detection of azathioprine in biological and environmental samples
AU - Jeyaraman, Anupriya
AU - Juang, Ruey Shin
AU - Chen, Shen Ming
AU - Lin, Zih Hao
AU - Hsiang, Yan Chen
AU - Chen, Ming Sheng
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2025/10
Y1 - 2025/10
N2 - Long-term use of the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine (ATN) and its residues is highly hazardous for human health and the environmental system. Herein, we prepared an electrocatalyst of iron tungstate-tungsten trioxide (FeWO4-WO3) composite by the hydrothermal method, and various physicochemical studies were conducted to confirm the formation of the catalyst. The proposed catalyst of FeWO4-WO3 composite on the glassy carbon electrode (FeWO4-WO3/GCE) showed a nanomolar detection limit with a higher sensitivity of 22 nM and 1.093 μA μM-1 cm-2 by the help of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. Subsequently, FeWO4-WO3/GCE showed good repeatable, reproducible, and anti-interference phenomena towards ATN detection. Furthermore, the designed electrode achieved good storage stability of 99.07 % after three weeks. To attain a virtuous recovery result in bio and environmental samples of human urine, river water, lake water, and sewage water samples. This prominent activity of the FeWO4-WO3/GCE towards the ATN in real sample analysis makes it a promising electrochemical sensor for the ATN detection.
AB - Long-term use of the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine (ATN) and its residues is highly hazardous for human health and the environmental system. Herein, we prepared an electrocatalyst of iron tungstate-tungsten trioxide (FeWO4-WO3) composite by the hydrothermal method, and various physicochemical studies were conducted to confirm the formation of the catalyst. The proposed catalyst of FeWO4-WO3 composite on the glassy carbon electrode (FeWO4-WO3/GCE) showed a nanomolar detection limit with a higher sensitivity of 22 nM and 1.093 μA μM-1 cm-2 by the help of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. Subsequently, FeWO4-WO3/GCE showed good repeatable, reproducible, and anti-interference phenomena towards ATN detection. Furthermore, the designed electrode achieved good storage stability of 99.07 % after three weeks. To attain a virtuous recovery result in bio and environmental samples of human urine, river water, lake water, and sewage water samples. This prominent activity of the FeWO4-WO3/GCE towards the ATN in real sample analysis makes it a promising electrochemical sensor for the ATN detection.
KW - Azathioprine
KW - Bio and environmental samples
KW - Electrochemical sensor
KW - Immunosuppressant drug
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008489341
U2 - 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117442
DO - 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117442
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:105008489341
SN - 2213-3437
VL - 13
JO - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
JF - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
IS - 5
M1 - 117442
ER -